The Intranet - Chapter 1

 

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

  

This chapter shall discuss the problem that the study want to address as well as the circumstances related to the study. The researcher would also provide the hypothesis that shall be examined and tested in the course of this study. This portion of the research will also define the limitation and the aspects covered as well as the importance of the study to the current field of intranet technology. The researcher shall also provide definitions of the terms used in the study.

 

Background of the Study

 

 

Confusing Intranet with Internet is natural -- the technology, like the spelling, is nearly identical. Both require the same network protocol (TCP/IP) and both use email and World Wide Web standards. (Christensen, 1996) The Intranet is essentially a private Internet operating on your company's internal network. Intranets exploit the incredibly popular and low-cost Internet tools to gain strategic advantage over competitors, cut costs, and improve operational effectiveness. An Intranet typically has three features lacking on the Internet, speed, security, and control. The said technology has a broader bandwidth than the latter. Likewise, the system is more secured since it has a private internal network (LAN/WAN), protected from Internet users by a firewall. In addition, it could also be more manageable compared to the Internet since the enterprise network management to ensure reliability.

Furthermore, the Intranet can be viewed as an information utility for the enterprise. (Christiansen, 1996) It doesn't matter whether one uses a Mac, Windows or a UNIX workstation – it is plugged in to the Intranet and find what you need, from documents to email to data to audio and video. Corporate and department information is accessed via the standards of the Internet: e-mail, WWW, file transfer, and other Internet services. The information utility concept has broad appeal. It enables everyone to be a 'knowledge worker' by providing real-time information access to all published documents and data in the corporation. The rapid and near-universal adoption of Internet standards is producing an avalanche of new products and refurbished, web-enabled applications from all major applications vendors.

Physically, an Intranet is formed by linking the various pieces of information and communications technologies that an organization owns or uses; interconnected in such a fashion that all the resources of the organization are readily available to anyone who needs them, wherever and whenever they are needed. (Gareiss, 1996) These resources that are linked together are not merely the physical devices such as computers or fax machines. The data that is stored in or accessed through the physical devices are resources too; as are the software applications that can operate on and manipulate those data resources.

 

An Intranet encourages the members of the organization to make better and more informed decisions. (Gareiss, 1996) An Intranet encourages and supports more effective use of people by people and should support faster and more efficient decision making processes. To repeat the point: An Intranet weaves together three essential components; tangible resources such as computers, intangible resources in the form of data and, most important of all, the experience and knowledge of people within the organization.

 

Moreover, an Intranet achieves its purposes by providing a small number of common but very generalized software tools of great power and flexibility, rather than a large range of discrete specialized power tools that cannot work effectively with each other. Intranets are therefore mechanisms for harmonization and integration. (Gareiss, 1996) The key issues here are experience and knowledge. A well designed Intranet should make it possible for an organization to gain better access to its primary resource: the knowledge and experience of the individuals who work within it. A well-designed Intranet should be an enabling technology. A well designed and properly implemented Intranet is a creative and empowering tool for the entire organization that permits any individual to bring the entire resources of the organization to bear on any specific task they undertake and to bring their own resources and expertise to bear upon the general purposes of the organization with greater effect.

 

The study would be assessing the intranet system of Mosscare Housing LTD (MC). It was chosen as the case study for the project due to its easy accessibility of information and largely traditional structure. There are several definitions of Intranet, but they all generally refer to network activities where protocol replaces physical items such as paper and pen. Mosscare Housing LTD is a not-for-profit organization, and is responsible for over 2,500 properties and sheltered accommodation schemes in the Greater Manchester area. It provides accommodation services for the community by developing new properties, renovating existing ones, and managing the tenancies.

 

Statement of the Problem

 

The study intends to investigate the benefits of Intranets within an organization, particularly in Mosscare Housing LTD. Specifically, the study seeks to:

1.                            Describe the characteristics of the employees in terms of age and departmental affiliation.

2.                            Identify the challenges and opportunities institution face as a result of Intranet technology.

3.                            Assess the behavior and attitudes of the employees regarding the use of Intranet within the organizations.

4.                            Recognize the adaptation method of MC to Intranets.

5.                            Identify the factors affecting intranet usage.

 

Hypothesis

 

The study intends to test the hypothesis:

“Has the proliferation of intranet had a positive or negative effect on working paradigms within business organization?”

 

Significance of the Study

 

 

The study would benefit several areas of the corporate system. First of all, the study would be able to benefit the Information Systems of corporations in general as well as with Mosscare. The research would be able to provide them the idea on the departmental distribution of the employees who use the technology. This would allow them to furnish additional data that would be valuable for the department who has the greatest number of employees clicking to the company’s intranet. This would allow the said department to modify a section for frequently asked questions (FAQs) to allow easier access for the employees.

 

In this light, the management of companies in general as well as with Mosscare would also benefit from this study. The results of this study would allow the employees to become more aware of the company mission and vision through the intranets. This way, the management would be able to easily keep the employees informed of company affairs and in the same time, continue to place their moral in a high level.

 

Likewise, the employees of Mosscare would also benefit from this study. This study would convey their concerns regarding the intranet network within their company. This would provide them additional aspects of the intranets that would be able to cater to their specific needs. Moreover this study would do well to the Intranet technology as a whole. This would provide the followers in the field of networking and other related technologies a concrete representation on the impact of intranets on an organization.

 

Scope and Limitations

 

 

The study would be limited to the analysis of the Intranet utilization of the company Mosscare Housing LTD. This would utilize a researcher made questionnaire that would be provided to the employees of the said company. The employees that would be given the said instrument would amount to twenty-five (25) respondents.

 

Definition of Terms

 

Browser
This is a program that allows the user to read and access information on the World Wide Web.

Cyberspace
The conceptual or virtual area where pages, data, images, and all the rest fly back and forth from computer to computer, user to user.

FAQs - Frequently Asked Questions

These are questions and answers that occur regularly within a user group. FAQs are a timesaving feature for all kinds of users.

Firewall
A protection of the internal company network against unauthorized access via the Internet.

FTP - File Transfer Protocol

It is a very common method of moving files between two Internet sites. FTP is a special way to log in to another Internet site for the purposes of retrieving and/or sending files. There are many Internet sites that have established publicly accessible repositories of material that can be obtained using FTP by logging in using the account name anonymous. Thus, these sites are called anonymous FTP servers.

HTTP - Hypertext Transfer Protocol

The way Web pages are transferred over the Internet or an Intranet. Icon A small picture or graphic used to represent a location in the inter- or Intranet (for example a flow-chart graphic to take the user to the departmental flow chart); an action (a mailbox as a place to send feedback); or a program (a W to indicate Microsoft Word).

Internet
Interconnected computer networks from around the world.

Intranet
Interconnected computers and networks within an organization.

ISDN - Integrated Services Digital Network

Basically, it is a way to move more data over existing regular phone lines. It can provide speeds of roughly 128,000 bits-per-second over regular phone lines.

LDAP - Lightweight Directory Access Protocol

LDAP is preferred for creating directories. LDAP provides a standard way for Internet clients, applications, and servers to access directory services using TCP/IP, regardless of the hardware/software platform.

Network
Lots of computers connected together. Lots of networks all over the world are connected to make the Internet. Lots of networks connected within an organization such as a university or company make an Intranet.

Search Engine

Software used to find information on the Web. Examples are Lycos and Yahoo.

Server

This is a computer with the capacity to provide connectivity (sharing) to multiple personal computers.

Surfing
Going from page to page, link to link, via a browser. Surfing could have been called "clicking" for the mouse clicks that make the process possible, or "linking" from the program logic, which makes the process, occur.

TCP/IP
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. This is the suite of protocols that defines the Internet. Originally designed for the UNIX operating system, TCP/IP software is now available for every major kind of computer operating system. To be truly on the Internet, your computer must have TCP/IP software.

 

URL - Uniform Resource Locator

It is the address of location for accessing Web pages. Clicking on an icon or "hot text" is the most common means of accessing and using a URL.

Web or Net

The World Wide Web (a server) consisting of a hypermedia system (linking sounds, text, pictures, video) which your computer (a client) can access.

Webmaster
The supervisor ensuring that the system is up and running; the coordinator of access; the relay for communications between users and hosts to sites.

Global Automotive Industry: Global mergers and acquisitions (M&A)

 

Too much debt and risk of bankruptcy

            When it comes to capitalism and interdependencies, the differences is primarily evident on the type of debt used rather than the relative importance of debt. The financial aspect of any organisation includes financial distress cost, moral hazards, tax deductions, profitability and growth and size among others. Financial distress states that in the presence of bankruptcy there is a higher cost in earnings. As such, the higher risk of bankruptcy leads to less debt. Also, there are dangers of engaging in risky investments or under investments after acquiring debt. Nevertheless, the high expenditures on intangible assets such as research and development (R&D) are supposed to decrease long term debt (Rugman and Verbeke, 2005, p. 151).

            Further, presence of tax deductions other than those related to debt may reduce firm level needs for tax deductions through debt. Higher profitability is expected to lead to lower debt. Firms with high sales growth are also assumed to use less debt. Larger firms, nonetheless, may face lower transaction costs when issuing long term debt than their smaller counterpart and can therefore be expected to have higher debt (Rugman and Verbeke, 2005, p. 151).

            While this may be the case, capital reserves typically provide a financial buffer in the organisation (Anderssen, 2006, p. 17). It is therefore utilised to absorb the adverse economic impact of exogenous shocks especially those imposed by the unexpected event such that the most recent financial tsunami. Critically, these unexpected events that affect the conduct of the business particularly at the international level, firms should be able to reduce variability in periodic cash flows and reported earnings so as to veer away from debt and eventually being bankrupt.

            This is active risk management which can lower the business risk in general (Anderssen, 2006, p. 17). All the same, there is a need for firms to provide management with an opportunity to increase financial risk associated with a higher debt load. As such, when firms are able to impose effective risk management practices in reducing the volatility of corporate earnings, there is a reduced need for capital reserves. Basically, effective risk management reduces the risk of bankruptcy and makes it possible to increase financial leverage.

            It was in the 1953 when Honda was on the verge of bankruptcy. While the company’s manufacturing systems were being refined, there was a major change in the way Honda sold its products. Honda halted all sales of engines to outside motorcycle assembly makers, pushing distributors that sell the company’s products into purchasing finished motorcycles. As it is a decision that strangled several rival companies’ production lines, the move drew angry reactions and distributors abandoned the Honda brand. Honda reacted by establishing new network of excusive distributors. Aside from the fact that purchasing exclusive retail territories was rather difficult then, Honda products often met with complaints from the users resulting to poor sales and piling up of inventories. Honda responded to this by securing advance payments while simultaneously deferring payments (Alexander, 2009, pp. 115-123).

            To analyse, there are two ways the actions of Honda can be explained. Firstly, Honda demonstrated an effective risk management capability which was then associated to eventual higher financial leverage. Secondly, Honda demonstrated the capability which was then resulted in eventual higher economic performance. However, the problem had dampened the volatility of Honda’s corporate cash flows thereby increasing the potential of financial distress. This affects the unimproved debt capacity of the organisation hence they came up with alternative risk transferring solution. In this way, Honda can diminish the need for capital reserves. What had happened is that the funding available for payments was readily extended thus making it more attractive to engage in good incremental business activities. Plainly, improved risk management capability within Honda tends to reduce under investment problems (Andersssen, 2006, p. 18).

Potential for product synergies

            Synergy is simply defined as the joint effect basing on the assumption that the process of combining resources may yield an output that is greater than the sum of those input resources. Being positive, the achievement of synergy is one of the key objectives of business development strategies. Synergy could be also achieved by increasing the capital or resource base of the enterprise. Some of the examples of positive synergy is scaling effect or moving down the experience curve, enhancing capability for competing in wider markets, entering markets that were hitherto inaccessible, employing more highly specialized and productive capacity personnel and increasing investments in knowledge management, competence development and R&D (Morden, 2007, p. 557).   

            Generally speaking, the opportunity to create synergy is reduced when an acquisition combines firms or business units that are both strong and/or weak in the same business activities. Newly created firms exhibits same capabilities although the magnitude of either strength or weakness is greater. Synergy leads to integration of value-enhancing activities. Operations synergy and marketing synergy would be able to link strategic activities including management synergies which then result in increased competitive edge (Hitt et al, 2001, p. 395). 

            As such, the word synergy is irrelevant when applied to a firm that makes only one product or offers a single form of service. The advantage is comparatively with competitors who do not have that particular attribute. Considering that Honda pursued a related diversification strategy, it is able to synergise across a range of products such as motorcycles, diesel generator sets and gardening equipments among others. The internal combustion engine is the common denominator of its operation. Competitors engaged in each individual product line would be able to capture this synergy and thereby would have a disadvantage while competing with Honda (Phansalkar, 2005, p. 108; Harrison and St. John, 2009, p. 118).    

Access to new technologies and emerging markets

            There is an increasingly accepted view that technically appropriate technologies should be widespread. But the problem is that these technologies are not available everywhere. While there are modernisation projects in corporations, the integration strategy is costly and often fails and the necessary additional funding is required (Tallman, 2007, p. 87). Noteworthy is the fact that new technologies will be indispensable. However, while new or emerging technologies are critical, few of the needed new technologies are available to those who need them most.     

            When it comes to accessing emerging markets, the question is beyond their still developing home market how they can become globally competitive. With the advances of technologies, for instance, corporations can quickly displace domestic companies from the segment of emerging markets. Because emerging market companies often cannot access experienced research talent from their home markets, it is difficult for them to invest in large sums such as R&D which is a critical investment if these companies aim to effectively compete against global giants (Khanna et al, 2010, p. 129).

            For Honda, before 1969 it was believed that the only way to reduce the impact of internal combustion engines on the environment was by means of end-of-pipe technology. Car manufacturers widely believed that there was a trade-off among the various pollutants emitted from internal combustion engines (as cited in Nel, 2007, p, 428) which could only be solved by means of the add-on process of catalytic conversion. Honda, however, designed the CVCC engine during the years 1969-1971. With this engine, Honda engineers tried not to produce pollutants in the first place, thereby reducing the need for later clean up. In similar way, Honda overcame the traditional trade-off between fuel economy and engine power by means of their VTEC technology.

            Belonging to an emerging itself in itself, Honda’s considered home market is Japan which is a major source of its revenues. Japan auto sellers are dominated by a series of large dealerships that are typically owned by one of the large Japanese business groups. Often the large dealerships are owned by companies other than Honda although the large dealerships are still part of a business group (Alstrom and Bruton, 2009, p. 404).   

 

Case Study on Global Automobile Industry

 

Introduction

            Companies grow and are increasingly making its way into the global business environment. However, there are profound challenges being encountered, necessitating these companies to focus on developing effective strategies. Hence, these challenges are requiring organisations to explore the various opportunities available to them in the global business setting. Strategies are key in achieving sustainability thus contemporary organisations are working at either growing fast ahead of the competition, growing in line with the industry where it belongs or catching up and defending an existing status. In developing key strategies to combat the threats imposed by the internal and external environment, Honda Motor is implementing reconciliation of dichotomies. Since its inception in 1948, Honda Motor had become one of the largest and leading automakers in the global automobile industry.  In this report, the global automobile industry will be analysed through the spectrum of Honda Motor. It is the goal of the discussion to focus on the critical analyses of different strategies adopted and implemented by Honda Motor.    

 

Strategy and managerial dichotomies

Business level strategy vs corporate level strategy

            There are strategic choices that can provide an organisation bases for its decisions on what approaches, directions or methods can be used for achieving business level and corporate level objectives. Business level strategies create an environment of better competition since this is a core strategy that the company forms to describe how it intends to compete in a certain market (Hough, 2006, p. 47). In business level strategy, integrated and coordinated set of commitments and actions are used to gain competitive advantages by exploring core competencies (Mankins and Steele, 2005, p. 68). Choices of business level strategy are important as it impacts long term performance of the firm. Nonetheless, given the complexity of successfully operating in the global economy, these choices are typically difficult to decide upon. Hough (2006) noted that the purpose of a business level strategy is to create differences that will distinguish the firm’s position with that of its rivals.

            As firms move beyond their traditional business level focus, corporate level strategies are developed. These strategies specify the actions the firm takes in gaining the competitive advantages. This requires that the firms should adopt a long-term perspective and how the changes taking place within the industry will affect its current business model, its future strategies and its sustainability (Bowman et al, 2002, p. 676). As such, the purpose of having corporate level strategies is central on enabling the company to sustain and further promote its competitive advantages as well as profitability. Simply, corporate level strategies are created to drive the business model over time and determine which business and functional level strategies should be created to drive long term profitability. Corporate level strategies therefore deal with plans for the entire organisation and change as the industry and specific market conditions warrant.    

Reconciling dichotomies at Honda Motor

            Mair (2004, p. 671) presented various dichotomies relating to Honda Motor’s operations. Nevertheless, Honda Motor is keen in developing internal core competencies and capabilities by virtue of products and processes. Product-wise, Honda is known as the engine leader because of its technological innovation named the compound vortex controlled combustion (CVCC) engine and the variable valve timing and lift electronic control (VTEC) family of engines. In leveraging the core competency, Honda understands that there is a need to combine engine with efficiency, and efficiency for Honda meant to integrate ‘environmental’ element. Such an element is evident on engineering engines that do not create pollutants while not also sacrificing the performance (power) of the engine. These technologically innovative engines enabled the creation of excellent products in a variety of markets.

            As agile as a company can get, there are two reasons by which Honda delivers superior engine designs. First, is because of its organisational approach to developing products with the sales-engineering-development (SED) teams as the key driver. Although not all processes are in-housed, the SED teams are performing different functions from marketing, product engineering down to manufacturing. Such a practice enables Honda to correlate the functions together, reducing development lead times in the process. This is crucial especially because of the ever-changing requirements of the consumers and nature of the automotive industry itself.

            To address the changing needs of the consumers while also tapping on new technologies, Honda is making use of a model replacement system. Honda was able to provide consumers with different versions of car models every four years, allowing new technologies to be incorporated into the new versions such as new engines, gearboxes and braking systems. The model, however, was criticised by global competitors, saying that what Honda is making could only pass as ‘cosmetic facelift’ of modern-looking old car models (Mair, 1996, p. 452). Honda refutes these criticisms, arguing that components of old models including the lights, exterior body shape and internal design are officially replaced. To wit, the model is an iterative process -- and also a proactive process -- whereby manufacturing systems and whole model design configurations are already pre-planned, allowing expected evolution on components and models. Iteratively, model evolution is time-bounded, practiced laterally and geographical wherein new models are offshoots of old models being roll out to places where old model were initially offered.   

            Not only that Honda had a core competence on engine designing, Honda is also critically capable of manufacturing and associated processes. Within Honda’s production chain such as logistics, planning and marketing, there are systematic processes. From its free-flow assembly line, Honda had combined productive efficiency and being humane where the dignity of the workers was uplifted. Workers are dignified in the manner that they are given sense of ownership over production processes. Further, Honda reduced cost while also maximising product variation through the combination of large-lot mass production and one piece flow production system. While Honda is making its production even more productive internally, externally, the firm is successful in more product development for consumers and in creating workplace effectiveness for the workers. This would be difficult considering that the operational and people aspects of an organisation are not easily reconcilable.

            For Honda, the key is to integrate both the push and pull systems which can be regarded as fusion of Westernised and Japanese business ideals. Westernised because it deals with the market and marketing orientations and Japanese since it small-scale planning system. Although it cannot be said that Honda is veering away from its Japanese roots through Westernising the internal processes, it is unJapanising specific processes. Basically, if Honda is going to compete globally it has to discard culture-based management of operations especially since it seemed that the Japanese model is a direct opposite to the Western model. Honda combated the adversities of culture-oriented operation by striking a balance on both models dichotomously.       

Sample of a Chapter 3 Methodology

 

Chapter III

METHODS OF RESEARCH

          This chapter presents the methods and procedures that was used by the researcher in gathering the data needed. It also presents the research design of the study which includes the discussion of the research method and process that have been followed in this study. The sample section setting, the research constructions of instruments, the gathering and treatment of experiences and validity of analysis. This method used techniques like the statistical treatment of data gathered.

Methods and Techniques of the Study

           This present study used the embedded mixed methods design. In this research design both the quantitative and qualitative data were collected simultaneously, analyzed separately and interpreted in support of each other. According to Creswell, 2012 the basis for using the mixed method approach was to collect data using single multiple sources to eliminate the biases and limitations of employing single approach. Mixed-method will be both the quantitative and qualitative approaches.

             The researcher used the Explanatory Sequential Mixed- Method design, quantitative data is first collected and analyzed are used to drive the development of a qualitative instrument to further explore the research problem (Creswell et al 2012).

              The researcher did not only collect and analyze both kinds of data; but also involved the use of both approaches in tandem so that the overall strength of a study is greater than either quantitative and qualitative research or equal importance. In this study the emphasis is on quantitative phase to identify and purposely select participants to follow-up. The in depth interviews go “beyond the numbers” that were recorded in the quantitative analysis in order to see the richness of real social experience. The two phases of the study will be connected in the intermediate stage of the study which is the selection of the participants for qualitative study. The full integration of the findings will occur after both phases have been completed and was elaborated during the discussion of the outcomes of the entire research study (Acosta I, & Acosta A, 2017)

              Bhat (2019) Qualitative research methods aim to reveal the behavior and perception of a target audience on a particular topic and their results are descriptive and inferences can be easily drawn from the obtained data.

            Accoding to Mujis (2010), quantitative methods focus on objective measurements and statistical, mathematical or numerical analysis of data obtained through polls, questionnaires and survey and/or manipulating pre- existing statistical. It focuses on gathering numerical data across group of people.  A Quantitative research designs either descriptive (subject measured once) or experimental (subject is measured before and after a treatment).

            De Franzo (2011) stated that quantitative research is used to quantify the problem by way of generating numerical data or data that can be transformed into usable statistics. It is used to quantify attitudes, opinions, behaviors and other defined variables- and generalize results from a larger sample population. Quantitative Research uses measurable data to to formulate facts and uncover patterns in research. Quantitatve data collection methods are much more structured than Qualitative data collection methods. Quantitative data collection methods include various forms of surveys- face-to-face interviews, telephone interviews, website interceptors, online polls and systematic observations.

            But above all these, the quantitative and qualitative method of research (mixed method) was deemed necessary since the use of checklist, open questionnaire, unstructured interview are also associated with these methodologies.

Population and Sample of the Study

           The respondents involved in the study comprised limited teachers in public elementary schools of name divisions of Olongapo City namely: East Bajac-Bajac Elementary School, Gordon Heights 1 Elementary School, Kalaklan Elementary School, Sta. Rita Elementary School, Tabacuhan Elementary School, Asinan Elementary School included in the sample are Teachers 1 to III and School Head who already in the Principal IV positions.

                                                             

Table 1

Frequency Distributions of the Respondents

 

	Frequency (No. of Teachers)
Name of Schools	Total Number of Teachers	Retrieval rate of Teachers’Sample	Percent of Retrieval
East Bajac-Bajac Elementary School	15	15	100%
Gordon I Elementary School	20	19	96%
Kalaklan Integrated School	15	14	93%
Sta. Rita Elementary School	15	15	100%
OCABIS Integrated School	20	20	100%
Tabacuhan Elementary School	15	14	93%
Asinan Elementary School	15	14	93%
Principal IV	8	7	88%
Total	123	118	96%

 

                  The table shows the distribution of the respondents according to 7 schools in division of Olongapo City as follows: East Bajac-Bajac Elementary School, Gordon 1 Elementary School, Kalaklan Integrated School, Sta. Rita Elementary School, OCABES Integrated School, Tabacuhan Elementary School, and Asinan Elementary School. The total number of teachers and principal as respondent in selected schools in Olongapo City is 123. The responses were retrieved but the total number of questionnaires gathered 118.

Research Instruments

        Three instruments were used to gather data for this study. These were adopted from the questionnaire leadership Assessment (Perrin et al., 2010) and Generational Study of Workplace Attitudes Instrument (Fletcher et al) and the self- made interview questionnaire presented the output of Instructional Development Program.

          Part 1 The Leadership Assessment Instrument (LAI) (Perrin et al., 2010) was used to measure the performance in all six zones of a 21^st century leader which include Reflection, Society, Diversity, Ingenuity, People and Organization. It is a 25-item, 4 scale self- report inventory.

          Part 2 The Generational Study of Workplace Attitudes Instrument (2009) was used to measure attitude of a teacher, including Attitude Towards Work, Loyalty Towards Employer, Attitudes Regarding Respect and Authority, Training Styles and Needs, Desire for Work/Life Balance and Attitude Towards Supervision. It is a 25- item scale report inventory (Fletcher et al., 2009).

          Part 3 is a form of self-made interview or guided interview questions on the teachers and principal IV that can help generate facts and information for the study. Qualitative research uses three main methods of data collection: interviewing, observation and artifact analysis. Main interview types that qualitative researchers use are in depth, one-on-one interviews and focus group interviews. On the study one-on-one interviews were employed.

 Construction and Validation of Instruments

         Data and other information were gathered through reading materials such as books relating to the leadership, workplace attitude, journals, published thesis and dissertations and important manuscripts such as DEpEd Order, Memoranda and DepEd Circulars.  After in depth reading and studying samples of questionnaire from related studies, the researcher prepared the questionnaire.

          The first draft of the questionnaire will refer first to the adviser for suggestion and comments. Some changes have been for revision in order to fully corrected. The researcher will seek the assistance to the panel of experts from the Schools Division Office of Olongapo in order to strongly critique and determine of the content of the questionnaire.

            One of the experts is a Senior Education Program Specialist under the School Governance and Operation Division (SGOD), The second panel is a Doctor of Education OIC Chief of School Governance and Operation Division (SGOD). The third panel is a Doctor of Education Chief of Curriculum Implementation Division (CID).

           After their comments, suggestions and recommendations were integrated, the final draft of questionnaire was presented to the adviser for checking. Upon the approval, the researcher sent letters of permission to conduct the study addressed to the Schools Division Superintendent for the proper endorsement. The pilot testing of the questionnaire was generated the teachers of Mabayuan Elementary School.

           Since questionnaire Part 1 and 2 was adopted, and Part 3 was self - made, a pilot testing was conducted to find out the appropriateness of the items. Difficulty in the interpretation on the application of the given direction was given emphasis and suggestions were noted to enable the researcher to adopt necessary correlation or modification to suit it to the respondents.

           They dry-run were personally conducted by the researcher to selected fifteen (15) teachers in Mabayuan Elementary School. Experts examined all the three sets of questionnaires. The dry-run was conducted to determine the face validity of the instrument.

Data Gathering Procedure

           In order to facilitate the data gathering, the researcher sought permission to conduct the study from the DepEd officials like the Schools Division Superintendent, School Principals and Teachers to allow her to float the questionnaire needed in the study. Once approval and permitted, the next procedure is to distribute and retrieved the questionnaires from the concerned schools. The researcher will also conduct interviews on the teachers and principals with the use of self- made interview questionnaires.

            The process of distribution and retrieval was done for 2 months from July and August 2020. The accomplished questionnaires were examined first for any incomplete entry or discrepancies, subsequent correction was done on the spot. When follow-up was not possible these were declared missing data. When the questionnaires gathered did not meet the criteria set for the respondents, they were registered and then together with those who did not return or submit the questionnaire. Target sample was 123 was reduced to 118, this number was still statistically feasible as per advice from consultant adviser on statistics.

 The study will be limited to the use of survey questionnaire and interview and will employ quantitative and qualitative designs which is concerned with the conditions that exist or trends that are developing in the field.

 Questionnaires (Google Forms) and formal interviews will be used in the data gathering to explore the implementation of the instructional development programs.

. Using the different tools, such as questionnaire (Google form) and interview Inductive, Deductive and Conceptualizing and Theorizing Coding will help to figure out the problems encountered in the implementation of the program. One of the process it to evaluate of what would be the possible solution in managing the implementation and enhancing the instructional development program is the output of the study.

Statistical Treatment of the Data

          The data gathered from the questionnaire were treated using different statistical tools. The raw scores in the questionnaire was tallied, tabulated and treated using the following:

1. Percentage. It was used to determine the frequency counts and percentage distribution on the related factors such as age, length of service and educational qualifications of the respondents.

             Formula:

                    P (%) = ƒ x 100

                                     

             Where:

                    P (%) =   percentage

                    N        =   total of respondents

                    ƒ         =   frequency  

2. Average Weighted Mean. It was used to determine the mean assessment of the perceptions of the respondents of the 21^st century leadership zones.

              

 Formula:

                      Wx = ƒ x Re

                                    N   

                

                Where:

                      Wx =  weighted mean

                       N   =   number of respondents

                       ƒ    =  frequency

                       Re  =  response equivalent

 3. Scoring. For the LAS, four choices were given for each statement. All statements are scored giving a weight to each of the alternative responses of the statement in the pattern given for all positive item: Strongly Agree (4), Agree (3), Disagree (2), Strongly Disagree (1).

4. Likert scale. It was utilized to measure respondents rate the extent to which the agree with various work-related statements. All statements are sored giving a weight to each of the alternative responses of the statement: Negative items’ weights were given a reverse score.

5. ANALYSIS OF VARIENCE (ANOVA). It was used to measure the significant difference on the respondents when grouped according to their profile variables as age, position, length of service and educational qualifications.

         The data were organized in frequency tale and analysis of these data were possible through the use of SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences). As one of the rules followed in the use of the software, the formula of the statistical tools used were not reflected anymore, the computer did not follow the steps in the manual commutative, the procedure in software calculation was not exactly the same as the manual calculations but the results were still the same.

     

    Once approved and permitted, the next procedure involved conducting interviews on the coordinators and teacher-specialists. The researcher also asked permission to conduct the interview with the use of technology like Google form, messenger, chat and text messaging or video-call for convenience. Since, the questions were in the Google form the gathering of data is easier to collect. Some were interviewed through phone and messenger because of the threat from the pandemic.

 

6. CODING

            In this study, software tools for qualitative data and text analysis was used which for easy sorting, structuring, and analyzing of large amounts of text and data facilitate the management of the resulting interpretations and evaluations. And this software is called MAXQDA, qualitative data analysis. MAXQDA is designed   in the extensive attributes for the use in quantitative and qualitative data analysis and mixed methods research. The emphasis on going beyond qualitative research can be observed in the extensive attributes function (called variables in the programs itself) and the ability of the programme to deal relatively quickly with larger numbers of interview, Based on a content analysis, the researcher drew conclusions about the respective object of research like interview data.

Trustworthiness

The trustworthiness is the ability to be relied on as honest or truthful. This can be seen on trust given by the respondents to the researcher as being transparent on what he heard or seen. The quality of the research is depense upon on how the respondents feel inside that shows conformity while answering on the given question. It shows how the reactions or the response of the participants, on how they rely on the researcher.

Researchers must establish the four aspects of trustworthiness: credibility, dependability, transferability, and confirmability (StatisticSolutions, 2020). Credibility is something that you can gain by convincing other people; Dependability is something that someone can rely on you; Transferably refers to the research study findings could be applicable to other situations, contexts, times and populations is establish by giving the readers with evidences;  and corfimibility is being submissive.

Data analysis should be administered in a specific, constant, and absolute process care of registering, systematizing, and revealing the methods of analysis with sufficient detail to be able to the reader to understand and must demonstrate whether the process is credible in order to be accepted as trustworthy, qualitative researchers (Nowell, Norris, & Whire Deborah E, 2017)

To ensure the accuracy of data the researcher will incorporate the following measures in the data collection techniques so that the effectiveness and accurateness of the data collection procedure will be improved. The Parameters and the key factors must also be align in the process. The researcher will also use reliable data resourcess and neutrality will always take place.

 (Simundic, 2011) state that alone which have been arranged, administered and reported in an explecit way, honestly and any evasion from truth is a consider as good research. Any such routine or evasion from the truth in data collection, examination, explanation and publication is called bias.  According to (Norris, 1997) it is simple to tag possible sources of bias it is not potential to form rules for deciding the truth of specific studies or domains of preposition. Neither is it potential to pertain techniques which if succeeded will systematically take away bias and error. We must, hence, to conceive of the social processes that might maintain research faithful and fair and enhance its quality. An organized rules for determining the validity of specific studies or domains of inquiry.

 

Ethical Concerns

The researcher assured ethics will remain as a top precedence throughout the study.  Ensuring the reliability and validity paramount to the study the researcher follow the methods as conjugated in this chapter.  The informed permission form was posted and given to the participants with this content “The researcher acknowledges his responsibilities under Republic Act No. 10173 (Act) as acknowledged in the 2012 Data Privacy Act. Since the researcher implemented technical and physical security measures, the researcher is upholding the protection of personal data of the respondents. The personal data obtained using this survey form is processed, submitted and stored and can only be accessed by the researcher. (Congress of the Philippines, 2016)

 Letter of Informed Consent follows an outlined by (Nachmias & Nachmias, 2008) containing, “a fair interpretation of operations, description of tempt reasonably to be anticipated, a description of advantages reasonably to be expected, an offer of inquisition concerning the procedures, and a prescription that the person is free to reclaim”.  Associated with the study were minimal on the risks to human subjects.  As specified by their ability to exercise the positions that they manage in the workplace all participants were over eighteen (18) years of age, and did not display any disabled mental capacity, Participants of the study meets the given criteria and all of them qualified. To decrease any future hazard allied to confidentiality in addition, all compiled materials will be eliminated after 5 years, subsequent final approval by the research committee.

 

                 

                                    

                                              Notes in Chapter III

    Ertmer, P & Ottenbrent-Leftwich A (2012) Teacher Technology Change, How knowledge,

                  confidence, beliefs and culture interest, Journal of Research on Technology in Education

   Ferrel, J (2013) Examining generational differences in the workplace: Work Centrality, and theirs

                  Relation to Employee Work Engagement Diversity of Wiscousm

   Fletcher F Roberts C., Gibson C. Gibson D (2009) Generational Cohorts and their Attitudes Toward

                 Work related Issues in Central Kentucky

   Flores L (2009) Leadership Practices in Filipino Catholic Schools A model in Educational Management: Quezon City