Chapter III
METHODS OF RESEARCH
This chapter
presents the methods and procedures that was used by the researcher in
gathering the data needed. It also presents the research design of the study
which includes the discussion of the research method and process that have been
followed in this study. The sample section setting, the research constructions
of instruments, the gathering and treatment of experiences and validity of
analysis. This method used techniques like the statistical treatment of data
gathered.
Methods and Techniques of
the Study
This present study
used the embedded mixed methods design. In this research design both the
quantitative and qualitative data were collected simultaneously, analyzed
separately and interpreted in support of each other. According to Creswell,
2012 the basis for using the mixed method approach was to collect data using
single multiple sources to eliminate the biases and limitations of employing
single approach. Mixed-method will be both the quantitative and qualitative
approaches.
The researcher used the Explanatory
Sequential Mixed- Method design, quantitative data is first collected and
analyzed are used to drive the development of a qualitative instrument to
further explore the research problem (Creswell et al 2012).
The researcher did not only
collect and analyze both kinds of data; but also involved the use of both
approaches in tandem so that the overall strength of a study is greater than
either quantitative and qualitative research or equal importance. In this study
the emphasis is on quantitative phase to identify and purposely select
participants to follow-up. The in depth interviews go “beyond the numbers” that
were recorded in the quantitative analysis in order to see the richness of real
social experience. The two phases of the study will be connected in the
intermediate stage of the study which is the selection of the participants for
qualitative study. The full integration of the findings will occur after both
phases have been completed and was elaborated during the discussion of the
outcomes of the entire research study (Acosta I, & Acosta A, 2017)
Bhat (2019) Qualitative research methods aim
to reveal the behavior and perception of a target audience on a particular
topic and their results are descriptive and inferences can be easily drawn from
the obtained data.
Accoding
to Mujis (2010), quantitative methods focus on objective measurements and statistical,
mathematical or numerical analysis of data obtained through polls,
questionnaires and survey and/or manipulating pre- existing statistical. It
focuses on gathering numerical data across group of people. A Quantitative research designs either
descriptive (subject measured once) or experimental (subject is measured before
and after a treatment).
De Franzo (2011) stated that
quantitative research is used to quantify the problem by way of generating
numerical data or data that can be transformed into usable statistics. It is
used to quantify attitudes, opinions, behaviors and other defined variables-
and generalize results from a larger sample population. Quantitative Research
uses measurable data to to formulate facts and uncover patterns in research.
Quantitatve data collection methods are much more structured than Qualitative
data collection methods. Quantitative data collection methods include various
forms of surveys- face-to-face interviews, telephone interviews, website
interceptors, online polls and systematic observations.
But above all these, the
quantitative and qualitative method of research (mixed method) was deemed
necessary since the use of checklist, open questionnaire, unstructured
interview are also associated with these methodologies.
Population and Sample of
the Study
The
respondents involved in the study comprised limited teachers in public
elementary schools of name divisions of Olongapo City namely: East Bajac-Bajac
Elementary School, Gordon Heights 1 Elementary School, Kalaklan Elementary
School, Sta. Rita Elementary School, Tabacuhan Elementary School, Asinan
Elementary School included in the sample are Teachers 1 to III and School Head who
already in the Principal IV positions.
Table
1
Frequency
Distributions of the Respondents
|
|
Frequency (No. of Teachers) |
||
|
Name
of Schools |
Total Number of
Teachers |
Retrieval rate of
Teachers’Sample |
Percent
of Retrieval |
|
East Bajac-Bajac
Elementary School |
15 |
15 |
100% |
|
Gordon
I Elementary School |
20 |
19 |
96% |
|
Kalaklan
Integrated School |
15 |
14 |
93% |
|
Sta.
Rita Elementary School |
15 |
15 |
100% |
|
OCABIS
Integrated School |
20 |
20 |
100% |
|
Tabacuhan
Elementary School |
15 |
14 |
93% |
|
Asinan
Elementary School |
15 |
14 |
93% |
|
Principal
IV |
8 |
7 |
88% |
|
Total |
123 |
118 |
96% |
The table shows the
distribution of the respondents according to 7 schools in division of Olongapo
City as follows: East Bajac-Bajac Elementary School, Gordon 1 Elementary School,
Kalaklan Integrated School, Sta. Rita Elementary School, OCABES Integrated
School, Tabacuhan Elementary School, and Asinan Elementary School. The total
number of teachers and principal as respondent in selected schools in Olongapo
City is 123. The responses were retrieved but the total number of
questionnaires gathered 118.
Research Instruments
Three instruments were used to gather data for
this study. These were adopted from the questionnaire leadership Assessment
(Perrin et al., 2010) and Generational Study of Workplace Attitudes Instrument
(Fletcher et al) and the self- made interview questionnaire presented the
output of Instructional Development Program.
Part 1 The Leadership Assessment
Instrument (LAI) (Perrin et al., 2010) was used to measure the performance in
all six zones of a 21st century leader which include Reflection,
Society, Diversity, Ingenuity, People and Organization. It is a 25-item, 4
scale self- report inventory.
Part
2 The Generational Study of
Workplace Attitudes Instrument (2009) was used to measure attitude of a
teacher, including Attitude Towards Work, Loyalty Towards Employer, Attitudes
Regarding Respect and Authority, Training Styles and Needs, Desire for
Work/Life Balance and Attitude Towards Supervision. It is a 25- item scale
report inventory (Fletcher et al., 2009).
Part 3 is a form of self-made interview or
guided interview questions on the teachers and principal IV that can help
generate facts and information for the study. Qualitative research uses three
main methods of data collection: interviewing, observation and artifact
analysis. Main interview types that qualitative researchers use are in depth,
one-on-one interviews and focus group interviews. On the study one-on-one
interviews were employed.
Construction
and Validation of Instruments
Data
and other information were gathered through reading materials such as books
relating to the leadership, workplace attitude, journals, published thesis and
dissertations and important manuscripts such as DEpEd Order, Memoranda and
DepEd Circulars. After in depth reading and studying samples of questionnaire from related
studies, the researcher prepared the questionnaire.
The first draft of the questionnaire
will refer first to the adviser for suggestion and comments. Some changes have
been for revision in order to fully corrected. The researcher will seek the
assistance to the panel of experts from the Schools Division Office of Olongapo
in order to strongly critique and determine of the content of the
questionnaire.
One of the experts is a Senior Education
Program Specialist under the School Governance and Operation Division (SGOD),
The second panel is a Doctor of Education OIC Chief of School Governance and
Operation Division (SGOD). The third panel is a Doctor of Education Chief of
Curriculum Implementation Division (CID).
After their comments, suggestions
and recommendations were integrated, the final draft of questionnaire was
presented to the adviser for checking. Upon the approval, the researcher sent
letters of permission to conduct the study addressed to the Schools Division
Superintendent for the proper endorsement. The pilot testing of the
questionnaire was generated the teachers of Mabayuan Elementary School.
Since questionnaire Part 1 and 2 was
adopted, and Part 3 was self - made, a pilot testing was conducted to find out
the appropriateness of the items. Difficulty in the interpretation on the
application of the given direction was given emphasis and suggestions were
noted to enable the researcher to adopt necessary correlation or modification
to suit it to the respondents.
They dry-run were personally
conducted by the researcher to selected fifteen (15) teachers in Mabayuan
Elementary School. Experts examined all the three sets of questionnaires. The
dry-run was conducted to determine the face validity of the instrument.
Data Gathering Procedure
In order to facilitate the data
gathering, the researcher sought permission to conduct the study from the DepEd
officials like the Schools Division Superintendent, School Principals and
Teachers to allow her to float the questionnaire needed in the study. Once
approval and permitted, the next procedure is to distribute and retrieved the
questionnaires from the concerned schools. The researcher will also conduct
interviews on the teachers and principals with the use of self- made interview
questionnaires.
The process of distribution and
retrieval was done for 2 months from July and August 2020. The accomplished
questionnaires were examined first for any incomplete entry or discrepancies,
subsequent correction was done on the spot. When follow-up was not possible
these were declared missing data. When the questionnaires gathered did not meet
the criteria set for the respondents, they were registered and then together
with those who did not return or submit the questionnaire. Target sample was
123 was reduced to 118, this number was still statistically feasible as per
advice from consultant adviser on statistics.
The study will be limited to the use of survey
questionnaire and interview and will employ quantitative and qualitative
designs which is concerned with the conditions that exist or trends that are
developing in the field.
Questionnaires
(Google Forms) and formal interviews will be used in the data gathering to
explore the implementation of the instructional development programs.
. Using the different tools, such as questionnaire
(Google form) and interview Inductive,
Deductive and Conceptualizing and Theorizing Coding will help to
figure out the problems encountered in the implementation of the program. One
of the process it to evaluate of what would be the possible solution in managing the implementation and
enhancing the instructional development program is the output of the study.
Statistical Treatment of
the Data
The data gathered
from the questionnaire were treated using different statistical tools. The raw
scores in the questionnaire was tallied, tabulated and treated using the
following:
1. Percentage. It
was used to determine the frequency counts and percentage distribution on the
related factors such as age, length of service and educational qualifications
of the respondents.
Formula:
P (%) = ƒ x 100
Where:
P (%) = percentage
N =
total of respondents
ƒ = frequency
2. Average Weighted Mean.
It was used to determine the mean
assessment of the perceptions of the respondents of the 21st century
leadership zones.
Formula:
Wx
= ƒ x Re
N
Where:
Wx = weighted mean
N
= number of respondents
ƒ =
frequency
Re =
response equivalent
3. Scoring. For
the LAS, four choices were given for each statement. All statements are scored
giving a weight to each of the alternative responses of the statement in the
pattern given for all positive item: Strongly Agree (4), Agree (3), Disagree
(2), Strongly Disagree (1).
4. Likert scale. It
was utilized to measure respondents rate the extent to which the agree with
various work-related statements. All statements are sored giving a weight to
each of the alternative responses of the statement: Negative items’ weights
were given a reverse score.
5. ANALYSIS OF VARIENCE
(ANOVA). It was used to measure the significant
difference on the respondents when grouped according to their profile variables
as age, position, length of service and educational qualifications.
The
data were organized in frequency tale and analysis of these data were possible
through the use of SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences). As one of
the rules followed in the use of the software, the formula of the statistical
tools used were not reflected anymore, the computer did not follow the steps in
the manual commutative, the procedure in software calculation was not exactly
the same as the manual calculations but the results were still the same.
Once approved and permitted, the next procedure involved conducting
interviews on the coordinators and teacher-specialists. The researcher also
asked permission to conduct the interview with the use of technology like
Google form, messenger, chat and text messaging or video-call for convenience.
Since, the questions were in the Google form the gathering of data is easier to
collect. Some were interviewed through phone and messenger because of the
threat from the pandemic.
6. CODING
In this study, software tools for
qualitative data and text analysis was used which for easy sorting,
structuring, and analyzing of large amounts of text and data facilitate the
management of the resulting interpretations and evaluations. And this software
is called MAXQDA, qualitative data analysis. MAXQDA is designed in the extensive attributes for the use in
quantitative and qualitative data analysis and mixed methods research. The
emphasis on going beyond qualitative research can be observed in the extensive
attributes function (called variables in the programs itself) and the ability
of the programme to deal relatively quickly with larger numbers of interview,
Based on a content analysis, the researcher drew conclusions about the
respective object of research like interview data.
Trustworthiness
The trustworthiness is the ability to be relied on as
honest or truthful. This can be seen on trust given by the respondents to the
researcher as being transparent on what he heard or seen. The quality of the
research is depense upon on how the respondents feel inside that shows
conformity while answering on the given question. It shows how the reactions or
the response of the participants, on how they rely on the researcher.
Researchers must establish the four aspects of
trustworthiness: credibility, dependability, transferability, and
confirmability (StatisticSolutions,
2020). Credibility is something that you can gain by convincing other people;
Dependability is something that someone can rely on you; Transferably refers to
the research study findings could be applicable to other situations, contexts,
times and populations is establish by giving the readers with evidences; and corfimibility is being submissive.
Data analysis should be administered in a
specific, constant, and absolute process care of registering, systematizing,
and revealing the methods of analysis with sufficient detail to be able to the
reader to understand and must demonstrate whether the process is credible in
order to be accepted as trustworthy, qualitative researchers (Nowell, Norris,
& Whire Deborah E, 2017)
To ensure the accuracy of data the researcher
will incorporate the following measures in the data collection techniques so
that the effectiveness and accurateness of the data collection procedure will
be improved. The Parameters and the key factors must also be align in the
process. The researcher will also use reliable data resourcess and neutrality
will always take place.
(Simundic,
2011) state that alone which have been arranged, administered and reported in
an explecit way, honestly and any evasion from truth is a consider as good
research. Any such routine or evasion from the truth in data collection,
examination, explanation and publication is called bias. According to (Norris, 1997) it is simple to
tag possible sources of bias it is not potential to form rules for deciding the
truth of specific studies or domains of preposition. Neither is it potential to
pertain techniques which if succeeded will systematically take away bias and
error. We must, hence, to conceive of the social processes that might maintain
research faithful and fair and enhance its quality. An organized rules for determining
the validity of specific studies or domains of inquiry.
Ethical Concerns
The researcher assured ethics will remain as a top precedence
throughout the study. Ensuring the
reliability and validity paramount to the study the researcher follow the methods
as conjugated in this chapter. The
informed permission form was posted and given to the participants with this
content “The researcher acknowledges his responsibilities under Republic Act
No. 10173 (Act) as acknowledged in the
2012 Data Privacy Act. Since the researcher implemented technical and physical
security measures, the researcher is upholding the protection of personal data
of the respondents. The personal data obtained using this survey form is
processed, submitted and stored and can only be accessed by the researcher. (Congress of the Philippines, 2016)
Letter of Informed Consent
follows an outlined by (Nachmias & Nachmias,
2008) containing, “a fair interpretation of operations, description of
tempt reasonably to be anticipated, a description of advantages reasonably to
be expected, an offer of inquisition concerning the procedures, and a
prescription that the person is free to reclaim”. Associated with the study were minimal on the
risks to human subjects. As specified by
their ability to exercise the positions that they manage in the workplace all
participants were over eighteen (18) years of age, and did not display any
disabled mental capacity, Participants of the study meets the given criteria
and all of them qualified. To decrease any future hazard allied to
confidentiality in addition, all compiled materials will be eliminated after 5
years, subsequent final approval by the research committee.
Notes
in Chapter III
Ertmer, P & Ottenbrent-Leftwich A
(2012) Teacher Technology Change, How knowledge,
confidence, beliefs and
culture interest, Journal of Research on Technology in Education
Ferrel, J (2013) Examining generational
differences in the workplace: Work Centrality, and theirs
Relation to Employee Work
Engagement Diversity of Wiscousm
Fletcher F Roberts C., Gibson C. Gibson D
(2009) Generational Cohorts and their Attitudes Toward
Work related Issues in Central Kentucky
Flores L (2009) Leadership Practices in
Filipino Catholic Schools A model in Educational Management: Quezon City
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